al-Qanatir: International Journal of Islamic Studies

DIFFERENCES IN THE DETERMINATION OF NISAB MEASUREMENT RATES FOR GOLD JEWELRY ZAKAT (AL-HULI) IN SELECTED STATES IN MALAYSIA

2025-08-17T16:55:44+08:00

Zakat on gold, whether in the form of savings or jewelry, is one of the obligatory forms of zakat in Islam. However, inconsistencies in the implementation of gold zakat in Malaysia are evident through the differing methods of nisab calculation across various states. These differences particularly involve the determination of the ‘uruf threshold, which is not uniformly applied. Some states consider ‘uruf in their nisab calculations, while others do not include this element. This inconsistency has led to a lack of uniformity in the administration of gold zakat, resulting in confusion among zakat payers nationwide and fostering negative perceptions of state zakat institutions regarding their compliance with Shariah obligations. Therefore, this study aims to examine the variations in the determination of the ‘uruf measurement method for gold jewelry zakat (al-Ḥulī) practiced in selected states, namely Kedah, Selangor, Melaka, Pahang, and Johor. This research employs a qualitative methodology using content analysis of literature reviews, including state zakat guidelines. The findings indicate that states which incorporate the ‘uruf value in determining the nisab impose a lower zakat rate compared to those that exclude it. This study further proposes that the approach to calculating the ‘uruf for gold jewelry zakat should be harmonized at the state level to enhance collection efficiency and to avoid confusion and perceptions of unfairness toward state zakat institutions among the local community in the overall implementation of zakat collection. In addition, it emphasizes the need for a more systematic ‘uruf-based policy harmonization framework as an instrument of zakat governance to strengthen fairness, improve compliance, and enhance public confidence in zakat institutions in line with the principles of maqasid al-shariah.

Abstrak
Zakat terhadap emas sama ada simpanan mahupun perhiasan adalah salah satu daripada jenis zakat yang diwajibkan dalam Islam. Namun ketidakseragaman dalam penetapan zakat emas simpanan mahupun perhiasan di Malaysia dapat dilihat melalui perbezaan kaedah pengiraan nisab antara negeri-negeri. Perbezaan ini melibatkan aspek penetapan nilai uruf di setiap negeri yang tidak seragam. Sebahagian negeri mengambil kira uruf dalam pengiraan nisab zakat emas manakala terdapat negeri lain yang tidak memasukkan elemen tersebut. Keadaan ini mencetuskan ketidakselarasan dalam pelaksanaan zakat emas disamping mewujudkan kekeliruan dalam kalangan pembayar zakat di seluruh negara dan tanggapan persepsi negatif terhadap institusi zakat negeri berhubung kewajipan mereka menunaikan zakat mengikut ketetapan syarak. Sehubungan itu, kajian ini bertujuan meneliti perbezaan penentuan kaedah pengukuran uruf nisab zakat emas mempengaruhi pengiraan zakat emas perhiasan (al-huli) di beberapa negeri wakil zon utama di Semenanjung Malaysia iaitu Kedah (Utara), Selangor (Tengah), Melaka (Barat) Pahang (Timur) dan Johor (Selatan). Kajian ini menggunakan kaedah kualitatif dan menggunakan kaedah analisis kandungan dan komparatif terhadap sorotan literatur termasuk garis panduan zakat negeri. Hasil dapatan menunjukkan bahawa negeri yang mengambil kira nilai uruf dalam penentuan nisab zakat mengenakan kadar nilai zakat yang lebih rendah berbanding negeri yang tidak memasukkan elemen uruf dalam pengiraannya. Kajian ini turut mencadangkan agar pendekatan pengiraan uruf zakat emas perhiasan diselaraskan di peringkat negeri-negeri bagi meningkatkan kecekapan kutipan serta mengelakkan kekeliruan dan persepsi tidak adil kepada institusi zakat negeri di kalangan masyarakat tempatan dalam aspek pelaksanaan kutipan zakat yang menyeluruh. Di samping itu, kajian ini juga menegaskan keperluan satu kerangka penyelarasan dasar uruf yang lebih sistematik sebagai instrumen tadbir urus zakat bagi memperkukuh keadilan, meningkatkan pematuhan dan keyakinan masyarakat terhadap institusi zakat selaras dengan prinsip maqasid syariah.

INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION APPROACHES IN DA‘WAH BASED ON SURAH GHAFIR VERSES 28–45

2026-03-18T09:06:10+08:00

This study analyses interpersonal communication approaches in da‘wah based on verses 28–45 of surah Ghafir. The study aims to identify and elucidate the interpersonal communication strategies employed by a believing man from Pharaoh’s household in his da‘wah dialogue with Pharaoh and his people. A qualitative approach is adopted through thematic analysis of the Quranic text, supported by cross-references to classical and contemporary Quranic exegesis as well as relevant literature on da‘wah, interpersonal communication, and Islamic communication ethics. The findings reveal that the believing man applied several effective interpersonal communication strategies in his da‘wah. These strategies include an understanding of the background of the audience (mad‘u), employing appropriate language, showing respect, rational argumentation, demonstrating empathy, a balanced appeal to fear and hope, and the prioritisation of tawhid in da‘wah. The study demonstrates that the integration of these approaches contributes to strengthening contemporary methodologies of interpersonal da‘wah. The findings offer practical implications for contemporary da‘wah, highlighting the need for preachers to apply Quranic communication strategies to enhance the effectiveness of their outreach.

Abstrak

Kajian ini menganalisis pendekatan komunikasi interpersonal dalam dakwah berdasarkan surah Ghafir ayat 28-45. Objektif kajian ini adalah untuk mengenal pasti dan menghuraikan pendekatan komunikasi interpersonal dakwah yang diaplikasikan oleh seorang lelaki mukmin daripada keluarga Firaun dalam dialog dakwahnya dengan Firaun dan kaumnya. Pendekatan kualitatif melalui analisis tematik teks al-Quran digunakan, dengan rujukan silang tafsir dan sumber literatur berkaitan dakwah, komunikasi interpersonal dan etika komunikasi Islam. Hasil analisis mendapati bahawa lelaki beriman ini mengaplikasikan beberapa strategi komunikasi interpersonal dalam dakwah yang berkesan. Pendekatan-pendekatan tersebut meliputi kefahaman terhadap latar belakang mad’u, penggunaan bahasa yang sesuai, penghormatan, rasionaliti, empati, keseimbangan emosi takut dan harap, dan keutamaan tauhid dalam dakwah. Dapatan menunjukkan bahawa gabungan pendekatan-pendekatan tersebut mampu memperkukuh metodologi dakwah interpersonal masa kini. Implikasi kajian ini ialah panduan praktis bagi pendakwah masa kini untuk memanfaatkan strategi komunikasi Qurani yang lebih efektif, meyakinkan akal dan menyentuh hati sasaran dakwah.

THE EVALUATION OF TECHNOLOGY USE IN THE TEACHING OF QIRAAT

2025-11-07T17:06:25+08:00

The teaching of Qiraat knowledge, which was previously based on the methods of talaqqi and musyafahah with teachers who possess an authenticated sanad, has undergone change. As a result of digital innovation, technological advancement has significantly transformed the way Qiraat instruction is conducted. Therefore, the objective of this study is to identify the weaknesses as well as the improvements in the use of technology to support the teaching of Qiraat. This study employs the PRISMA systematic review technique by examining high-impact articles from the Scopus and Google Scholar databases. Out of 112 identified articles, only seven were selected for thematic analysis. The findings indicate that the integration of mobile platforms, multimedia applications, and artificial intelligence (AI) enhances students’ understanding, accessibility, and flexibility of learning. However, issues such as inadequate infrastructure, excessive dependence on technology, and difficulties in maintaining the authenticity of the sanad remain major challenges. To ensure the authenticity and effectiveness of Qiraat teaching in contemporary Islamic education, this study proposes a comprehensive and balanced approach that integrates digital innovation with the preservation of sanad tradition.

Abstrak

Pengajaran ilmu Qiraat yang sebelum ini berasaskan kaedah talaqqi dan musyafahah bersama guru yang mempunyai sanad telah berubah. Kesan daripada inovasi digital, kemajuan digital telah mengubah secara signifikan cara pengajaran Qiraat dilaksanakan. Justeru, objektif kajian ini adalah untuk mengenalpasti kelemahannya serta penambahbaikan dalam penggunaan teknologi untuk membantu pengajaran ilmu Qiraat. Kajian ini menggunakan teknik ulasan sistematik PRISMA dengan meneliti artikel berimpak tinggi daripada pangkalan data Scopus dan Google Scholar. Daripada 112 artikel yang dikenal pasti hanya tujuh dipilih untuk dianalisis secara tematik. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan bahawa pengintegrasian platform mudah alih, aplikasi multimedia dan kecerdasan buatan (AI) meningkatkan kefahaman, kebolehcapaian dan fleksibiliti pembelajaran pelajar. Namun, isu seperti infrastruktur yang tidak memadai, kebergantungan berlebihan kepada teknologi serta kesukaran dalam mengekalkan keaslian sanad masih menjadi halangan utama. Bagi memastikan keaslian dan keberkesanan pengajaran Qiraat dalam pendidikan Islam kontemporari kajian ini mencadangkan pendekatan menyeluruh dan seimbang yang menggabungkan inovasi digital dengan pemeliharaan tradisi sanad.

THE CONCEPT OF FATWA REGARDING MEDICAL TREATMENT INVOLVING FORBIDDEN SOURCES

2025-08-26T11:03:56+08:00

The advancement of modern medical technology has raised new challenges in determining the Islamic legal rulings regarding the use of substances derived from prohibited sources such as pork, alcohol, and carrion in pharmaceuticals. This issue has caused confusion among Muslims, particularly when involving emergency situations or the absence of halal alternatives. This article discusses the concept of using prohibited substances for medical treatment from an Islamic perspective by examining the definitions, categories of prohibited materials, and scholarly opinions from major Islamic schools of thought. It also explores the principles of maqasid al-shariah and legal maxims that justify permissibility in cases of necessity, as well as the conditions that must be fulfilled to allow such treatment. In addition, several contemporary fatwas issued in Malaysia are analysed to illustrate the practical application of Islamic rulings in a modern context. The findings indicate that while Islam generally prohibits the use of impure or unlawful substances, conditional exceptions are granted in situations that aim to preserve human life and wellbeing, in line with the higher objectives of Islamic law.

Abstrak
Perkembangan teknologi perubatan moden telah menimbulkan cabaran baharu dalam penentuan hukum berkaitan penggunaan bahan daripada sumber haram seperti khinzir, alkohol, dan bangkai dalam ubat-ubatan. Hal ini menimbulkan kekeliruan dalam kalangan masyarakat Muslim, khususnya apabila melibatkan situasi kecemasan atau ketiadaan alternatif yang halal. Artikel ini membincangkan konsep penggunaan bahan haram dalam rawatan menurut perspektif Islam dengan meneliti definisi, kategori bahan haram, serta pandangan fuqaha berdasarkan mazhab-mazhab utama. Penelitian turut dibuat terhadap prinsip maqasid syariah dan kaedah fiqh yang mendasari keharusan dalam keadaan darurat, termasuk syarat-syarat yang perlu dipenuhi bagi membolehkan rawatan menggunakan bahan terlarang. Di samping itu, beberapa fatwa kontemporari yang dikeluarkan di Malaysia turut dikaji sebagai bukti aplikasi hukum dalam konteks semasa. Dapatan kertas kerja ini menunjukkan bahawa Islam menolak penggunaan bahan haram secara umum, namun memberikan kelonggaran secara bersyarat demi menjaga nyawa dan kesejahteraan manusia, selaras dengan maqasid syariah.

ISLAMIC PERSPECTIVE OF FOOD SECURITY AND ITS IMPACT ON NATIONAL GROWTH AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA

2025-10-09T15:33:42+08:00

This study explores the Islamic perspective on food security and its influence on national growth and sustainable development in Nigeria. It identifies the main causes of food insecurity, its effects on households, and the role of Islamic principles in addressing these challenges. Using a mixed-method approach, data were collected from 300 respondents, including farmers, food-insecure households, and Islamic finance experts across three Nigerian regions. Analyses using descriptive statistics, Chi-square, ANOVA, and log-linear regression revealed that insecurity, inadequate agricultural investment, and fuel costs are key drivers of food insecurity, which negatively affect household survival through malnutrition and economic strain. Islamic financial tools: Zakat, Waqf, Qard al-Hasan, Mudarabah, and Green Sukuk were found effective in enhancing food security and sustainability. A significant three-way interaction among food security, national growth, and sustainable development confirmed the holistic benefits of Islamic-based interventions. The paper concludes that integrating Islamic finance into national food policies can reduce poverty, improve welfare, and foster sustainable development, recommending stronger Zakat and Waqf institutions and wider use of Islamic agribusiness financing.

SHARI'AH COMPLIANCE OF E-COMMERCE TRANSACTIONS ON THE SHOPEE ONLINE SHOPPING PLATFORM FROM AN ISLAMIC FINANCE PERSPECTIVE

2026-01-23T10:35:14+08:00

This paper elucidates electronic shopping transactions by examining the electronic marketing platform “Shopee” and its associated financial service, “SPayLater”, widely used by numerous consumers in Southeast Asia, presenting the principal Shari'ah (Islamic law) directives and rulings in evaluating the transactions of the platform and application by employing an analytical descriptive methodology. This research produced several significant findings, including the necessity of refraining from dealing with suspicious platforms and ceasing to transfer funds through them. Evidently, some transactions carried out by the Shopee platform do more harm than good and do not align with Shari'ah rules. Moreover, many Muslim users question the legitimacy of their dealings with the platform from the perspective of Shari'ah, concerned about whether these transactions comply with Shari'ah principles and rulings and whether they entail any suspicious practices related to fraud, usury, deceit, or interest. This research paper addresses these concerns, highlighting how users of these electronic platforms fall victim to certain practices and transactions deemed impermissible according to Shari'ah principles and rules. The negative impact of these practices on customers begins from the initial registration on the site, which pressures users to activate their profile and make purchases. This paper suggests that supervisory and regulatory authorities in Islamic countries, especially those where these electronic marketing platforms operate, should establish regulations and terms that are consistent with Shari'ah principles and rules, and that media entities and consumer protection associations should strive to raise awareness of and caution against practices conducted by these marketing platforms that violate Shari'ah.

POLITICAL DELEGITIMISATION AND SOCIAL CRISIS DURING THE REIGN OF CALIPH UTHMAN BIN AFFAN RA (24-35 AH / 644-656 CE)

2026-02-05T12:24:32+08:00

The reign of Caliph Uthman ibn Affan (24–35 AH / 644–656 CE) represents a formative period in Islamic history, marked by extensive territorial expansion and the emergence of profound internal tensions within the Muslim community. This article examines the social and political factors that contributed to the development of political delegitimisation during the later years of Uthman's rule. Particular attention is given to the role attributed to Abdullah ibn Saba and to the mobilisation of opposition groups in Egypt, Kufa, and Basra. Employing a qualitative historical approach, the study analyses major classical sources, including Tarikh al-Tabari, al-Bidayah wa al-Nihayah by Ibn Kathir, and al-Fitnah al-Kubra by Taha Husain, alongside selected modern historiographical interpretations. The analysis demonstrates that the crisis of Uthman's caliphate cannot be explained solely through administrative policies or personal leadership style. Rather, it emerged from an accumulation of socio-political grievances, regional dynamics, tribal competition, and the circulation of ideological narratives that challenged political legitimacy. By situating these factors within their broader historical and social contexts, this study highlights the value of a contextual, multidisciplinary approach to understanding political crisis and authority in early Islamic history.

JURISPRUDENTIAL PREFERENCES OF IMAM AL-SALAMI IN COMPENSATION CONTRACTS: A COMPARATIVE JURISPRUDENTIAL STUDY IN THE IBADI SCHOOL

2025-12-05T17:26:11+08:00

This research aims to clarify the issues of disagreement among the Ibadis regarding transactional contracts, to study and extract the preferences of Imam al-Salmi in transactional contracts, and to analyze the implications of the disagreement among the Ibadis regarding transactional contracts. The research answers the following questions: What are the issues on which the Ibadis disagreed in transaction contracts, what are the preferences of Imam al-Salami in transaction contracts (compensation, donations), and what are the implications of the disagreement among the Ibadis in transaction contracts? The research used an inductive analytical approach. The study reached several important conclusions, the most significant of which are: Imam al-Salami has more than forty preferences in transaction contracts, varying in method from mentioning the disagreement and listing the evidence, to discussing it with the preference, to simply mentioning the preferred opinion without discussing the evidence and objections. We have clarified the impact of the difference in each issue.

ملخص البحث

يهدف هذا البحث إلى تبيين المسائل التي وقع فيها الخلاف بين الإباضية في عقود المعاملات، ودراسة واستخراج ترجيحات الإمام السالمي في عقود المعاملات مع تحليل الآثار المترتبة على الخلاف الواقع في عقود المعاملات بين الإباضية، وقد أتى البحث مجيبًا على أسئلة البحث، وهي: ما المسائل التي وقع فيها الخلاف بين الإباضية في عقود المعاملات، وما ترجيحات الإمام السالمي في عقود المعاملات (المعاوضات، التبرعات)، وما الآثار المترتبة على الخلاف الواقع في عقود المعاملات بين الإباضية، واستعمل البحث المنهج الاستقرائي التحليلي.وقد توصلت الدراسة إلى نتائجَ من أهمّها: للإمام السالمي أكثر من أربعين ترجيحًا في عقود المعاملات تنوعت فيه طرق الترجيح من ذكر الخلاف وسرد الأدلة، أو مناقشتها مع الترجيح، أو الاكتفاء بذكر الراجح دون مناقشةٍ للأدلة والاعتراضات. وقد قمنا ببيان أثر الاختلاف في كل مسألة

THE INTEGRATION BETWEEN INVESTMENT SUKUK AND CROWDFUNDING PLATFORMS IN THE KINGDOM OF SAUDI ARABIA

2026-01-30T18:17:45+08:00

This study aims to examine the effectiveness of the integration between investment sukuk and crowdfunding platforms in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia as one of the emerging approaches to developing Islamic financial instruments and enhancing the efficiency of financial markets amid the digital and regulatory transformations in the Saudi financial sector. The study also seeks to analyze the regulatory and Shariah frameworks governing investment sukuk and crowdfunding platforms, and to assess the feasibility of integrating sukuk into crowdfunding models in a manner that ensures Shariah compliance, enhances investor protection, and improves financing and investment efficiency. The study adopts both descriptive exploratory and analytical approaches by reviewing and analyzing the regulatory frameworks and guidelines issued by the Capital Market Authority and the Saudi Central Bank, examining existing models and practices in crowdfunding, and analyzing relevant literature on Islamic sukuk and crowdfunding. This approach aims to explore the current state of implementation and identify opportunities for integration, as well as the regulatory, technical, and Shariah challenges associated with it, including disclosure requirements, governance standards, and risk management considerations. The findings indicate that the integration between investment sukuk and crowdfunding platforms represents a promising financing mechanism that enhances Shariah-compliant financing and investment efficiency, expands the investor base, reduces issuance costs, promotes financial inclusion, and supports the financing of small and medium-sized enterprises. However, the practical effectiveness of this integration remains limited due to the absence of a specific regulatory framework governing crowdfunding sukuk, as well as regulatory, Shariah, and technical challenges related to aligning sukuk structures with digital platform models. The study recommends the development of clear regulatory and legislative frameworks for crowdfunding sukuk, strengthening coordination among regulatory authorities, supporting the development of appropriate Shariah and technological models, and enhancing investment awareness to contribute to achieving the objectives of Saudi Vision 2030 and advancing the Islamic sukuk industry.

ملخص البحث

يهدف هذا البحث إلى دراسة مدى فاعلية التكامل بين الصكوك الاستثمارية ومنصات التمويل الجماعي في المملكة العربية السعودية، بوصفه أحد المسارات الحديثة لتطوير أدوات التمويل الإسلامي وتعزيز كفاءة الأسواق المالية في ظل التحولات الرقمية والتشريعية التي يشهدها القطاع المالي السعودي. كما يسعى البحث إلى تحليل الإطار التنظيمي والشرعي الناظم لعمل الصكوك الاستثمارية ومنصات التمويل الجماعي، وبيان مدى إمكانية دمج الصكوك ضمن نماذج التمويل الجماعي بما يحقق متطلبات الشريعة الإسلامية، ويعزز حماية المستثمرين، ويدعم كفاءة التمويل والاستثمار. واعتمد البحث على المنهج الوصفي الاستكشافي والمنهج التحليلي، من خلال استعراض وتحليل الأطر التنظيمية والتعليمات الصادرة عن هيئة السوق المالية والبنك المركزي السعودي، ودراسة نماذج وتجارب قائمة في مجال التمويل الجماعي، إلى جانب تحليل الأدبيات ذات الصلة بالصكوك الإسلامية والتمويل الجماعي، بهدف استكشاف واقع التطبيق وتحديد فرص التكامل والتحديات التنظيمية والتقنية والشرعية المرتبطة به، بما في ذلك متطلبات الإفصاح والحوكمة وإدارة المخاطر. وتوصل البحث إلى أن التكامل بين الصكوك الاستثمارية ومنصات التمويل الجماعي يمثل آلية تمويلية واعدة تسهم في تعزيز كفاءة التمويل والاستثمار المتوافق مع الشريعة، وتوسيع قاعدة المستثمرين، وخفض تكاليف الإصدار، وتعزيز الشمول المالي، ودعم تمويل المشروعات الصغيرة والمتوسطة، إلا أن فاعلية هذا التكامل ما تزال محدودة من الناحية التطبيقية نتيجة غياب إطار تنظيمي مستقل لصكوك التمويل الجماعي، ووجود تحديات تنظيمية وشرعية وتقنية تتعلق بمواءمة هياكل الصكوك مع بيئة المنصات الرقمية. ويوصي البحث بضرورة تطوير أطر تنظيمية وتشريعية واضحة لصكوك التمويل الجماعي، وتعزيز التنسيق بين الجهات الرقابية، ودعم تطوير النماذج الشرعية والتقنية الملائمة، ورفع الوعي الاستثماري، بما يسهم في تحقيق مستهدفات رؤية المملكة 2030 وتطوير صناعة الصكوك الإسلامية

ISLAMIC WORK ETHICS AND THEIR IMPACT ON EMPLOYEES: LIBYAN HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS AS A CASE STUDY

2026-02-04T14:24:51+08:00

This study examines the effect of Islamic work ethics on employees’ work stress in Libyan higher education institutions. Work stress has become a persistent challenge in Libyan higher education, yet field evidence on whether Islamic work ethics can mitigate this stress remains limited. A descriptive, field-based analytical design was adopted; questionnaire data were collected from a sample of employees and analyzed using inferential statistics to test relationships between Islamic work ethics dimensions and work stress. The findings indicate that Islamic work ethics particularly competence and mastery, kindness and tolerance, and creativity at work are associated with lower levels of work stress. Accordingly, higher education institutions are advised to embed Islamic work ethics through targeted training, leadership practices, and supportive institutional policies, and future studies should examine additional employee and organizational outcomes.

ملخص البحث

يهدف هذا البحث إلى استكشاف تأثير أخلاقيات العمل الإسلامية على ضغوط العمل لدى الموظفين في مؤسسات التعليم العالي الليبية. وتتمثل مشكلة الدراسة في تنامي ضغوط العمل داخل مؤسسات التعليم العالي في ليبيا، مع محدودية الأدلة الميدانية التي تفسر دور أخلاقيات العمل الإسلامية في التخفيف من تلك الضغوط. اعتمدت الدراسة المنهج الوصفي الميداني التحليلي؛ وجُمعت البيانات عبر استبانة وُزعت على عينة من الموظفين، ثم حُللت باستخدام أساليب إحصائية لاختبار العلاقات بين متغيرات الدراسة. وأظهرت النتائج وجود علاقة بين تبنّي أبعاد أخلاقيات العمل الإسلامية (الكفاية والإتقان، الرفق والتسامح، والإبداع في العمل) وبين انخفاض مستويات ضغوط العمل. وتوصي الدراسة بتضمين أخلاقيات العمل الإسلامية في ثقافة المؤسسة عبر برامج تدريبية وسياسات داعمة، مع الدعوة إلى أبحاث لاحقة لاختبار أثرها على متغيرات أخرى مرتبطة ببيئة العمل